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<title>European Commission</title>

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European Commission

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed">European Commission</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div>

<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 0px;">Name in official languages

</th></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>:

</th>

<td>Европейска комисия

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>:

</th>

<td>Europska komisija

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>:

</th>

<td>Evropská komise

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>:

</th>

<td>Europa-Kommissionen

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>:

</th>

<td>Europese Commissie

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>:

</th>

<td>European Commission

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>:

</th>

<td>Euroopa Komisjon

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>:

</th>

<td>Euroopan komissio

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>:

</th>

<td>Commission européenne

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>:

</th>

<td>Europäische Kommission

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>:

</th>

<td>Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>:

</th>

<td>Európai Bizottság

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>:

</th>

<td>Coimisiún Eorpach

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>:

</th>

<td>Commissione europea

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>:

</th>

<td>Eiropas Komisija

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>:

</th>

<td>Europos Komisija

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>:

</th>

<td>Kummissjoni Ewropea

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>:

</th>

<td>Komisja Europejska

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>:

</th>

<td>Comissão Europeia

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>:

</th>

<td>Comisia Europeană

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>:

</th>

<td>Európska komisia

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>:

</th>

<td>Evropska komisija

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>:

</th>

<td>Comisión Europea

</td></tr>

<th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>:

</th>

<td>Europeiska kommissionen

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">16 January 1958 (1958-01-16)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; text-align: left; border: 0; padding: 0; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;"><div><a href="Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">27 member states</a></div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>

</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the Commission</a> (<a href="Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> since 1 December 2019)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Nominated by the <a href="European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> and elected by the <a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main organ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">College of Commissioners</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ministries</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; text-align: left; border: 0; padding: 0; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development" title="Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development">Agriculture and Rural Development</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Budget" title="Directorate-General for Budget">Budget</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Climate_Action" title="Directorate-General for Climate Action">Climate Action</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Communication" title="Directorate-General for Communication">Communication</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Communications_Networks%2C_Content_and_Technology" title="Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology">Communications Networks, Content and Technology</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Competition" title="Directorate-General for Competition">Competition</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairs" title="Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs">Economic and Financial Affairs</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Education%2C_Youth%2C_Sport_and_Culture" title="Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture">Education and Culture</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Employment%2C_Social_Affairs_and_Inclusion" title="Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion">Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Energy" title="Directorate-General for Energy">Energy</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_the_Environment" title="Directorate-General for the Environment">Environment</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_European_Civil_Protection_and_Humanitarian_Aid_Operations" title="Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations">European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Financial_Stability%2C_Financial_Services_and_Capital_Markets_Union" title="Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union">Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety">Health and Food Safety</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Human_Resources_and_Security" title="Directorate-General for Human Resources and Security">Human Resources and Security</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Informatics">Informatics</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Internal_Market%2C_Industry%2C_Entrepreneurship_and_SMEs" title="Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs">Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_International_Cooperation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development">International Cooperation and Development</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Interpretation" title="Directorate-General for Interpretation">Interpretation</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Joint_Research_Centre" title="Joint Research Centre">Joint Research Centre</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Justice_and_Consumers" title="Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers">Justice and Consumers</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Maritime_Affairs_and_Fisheries" title="Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries">Maritime Affairs and Fisheries</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Migration_and_Home_Affairs" title="Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs">Migration and Home Affairs</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Mobility_and_Transport" title="Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport">Mobility and Transport</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_European_Neighbourhood_Policy_and_Enlargement_Negotiations" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations">Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Regional_and_Urban_Policy" title="Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy">Regional and Urban Policy</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Research_and_Innovation" title="Directorate-General for Research and Innovation">Research and Innovation</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Taxation_and_Customs_Union_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union (European Commission)">Taxation and Customs Union</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Trade" title="Directorate-General for Trade">Trade</a>

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Translation" title="Directorate-General for Translation">Translation</a>

</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Responsible to</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>European Parliament</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</li><li><a href="Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>, Luxembourg</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu">ec.europa.eu</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

The European Commission (EC) is the primary <a href="Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> branch of the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU). It operates as a <a href="Cabinet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet government">cabinet government</a>, with a number of <a href="European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">members of the Commission</a> (<a href="Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directorial system</a>, informally known as "commissioners") corresponding to two thirds of the number of <a href="Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a>, unless the <a href="European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>, acting unanimously, decides to alter this number.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The current number of commissioners is 27, including the president.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It includes an administrative body of about 32,000 European civil servants. The commission is divided into departments known as <a href="Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a> (DGs) that can be likened to departments or <a href="Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a> each headed by a director-general who is responsible to a commissioner.

Currently, there is one member per <a href="European_Union_member_state" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union member state">member state</a>, but members are bound by their <a href="Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath of office</a> to represent the general interest of the EU as a whole rather than their home state.<a href="#cite_note-oath-4">[4]</a> The <a href="President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">Commission president</a> (currently <a href="Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a>) is proposed by the European Council<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> (the 27 heads of state/governments) and elected by the <a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schütze_2012-6">[6]</a> The <a href="Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> then nominates the other members of the Commission in agreement with the nominated president, and the 27 members as a team are then subject to a vote of approval by the European Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Article_17:7_TEU-7">[7]</a> The current Commission is the <a href="Von_der_Leyen_Commission_II" title="Von der Leyen Commission II">von der Leyen Commission II</a>, which took office in December 2024, following the <a href="2024_European_Parliament_election" title="2024 European Parliament election">European Parliament elections in June of the same year</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></div>

The European Commission derives from one of the five key institutions created in the <a href="Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> European Community system, following the proposal of <a href="Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a>, French Foreign Minister, on 9 May 1950. Originating in 1951 as the High Authority in the <a href="European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, the commission has undergone numerous changes in power and composition under various presidents, involving three Communities.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_commission_history-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3></div>

<td style="text-align:right">Signed In force <a href="Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Document</a>

</td>

<td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; text-align:left">1951 1952 <a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Paris Treaty</a>

</td>

<td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; text-align:left">1957 1958 Rome treaties: <a href="Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">EEC Treaty</a> <a href="Euratom_Treaty" title="Euratom Treaty">Euratom Treaty</a>

</td>

<td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; text-align:left">1965 1967 <a href="Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a>

</td>

<td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; text-align:left"><a href="Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Signing of the Treaty of Lisbon">2007</a> 2009 <a href="Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon Treaty</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#42B995; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"><a href="European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="3" style="background:#464646; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"><a href="European_Communities" title="European Communities">Commission of the European Communities</a>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" style="background:#93DAE7; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"><a href="High_Authority_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community">High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="background:#5FCF4D; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"><a href="European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">Commission of the European Economic Community</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

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The first Commission originated in 1951 as the nine-member "<a href="High_Authority_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community">High Authority</a>" under President <a href="Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> (see <a href="Monnet_Authority" title="Monnet Authority">Monnet Authority</a>). The High Authority was the supranational administrative executive of the new European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). It took office first on 10 August 1952 in Luxembourg City. In 1958, the <a href="Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaties of Rome</a> had established two new communities alongside the ECSC: the <a href="European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) and the <a href="European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a> (Euratom). However, their executives were called "Commissions" rather than "High Authorities".<a href="#cite_note-ENA_commission_history-8">[8]</a> The reason for the change in name was the new relationship between the executives and the <a href="Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council</a>. Some states, such as France, expressed reservations over the power of the High Authority and wished to limit it by giving more power to the Council rather than the new executives.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_Council_history-9">[9]</a>

<a href="Louis_Armand" title="Louis Armand">Louis Armand</a> led the <a href="Armand_Commission" title="Armand Commission">first Commission of Euratom</a>. <a href="Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a> led the <a href="Hallstein_Commission" title="Hallstein Commission">first Commission of the EEC</a>, holding the first formal meeting on 16 January 1958 at the <a href="Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Val-Duchesse" title="Château of Val-Duchesse">Château of Val-Duchesse</a>. It achieved agreement on a contentious cereal price accord, as well as making a positive impression upon third countries when it made its international debut at the <a href="Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a> of <a href="General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-LSE_Chair-10">[10]</a> Hallstein notably began the consolidation of <a href="Law_of_the_European_Union" title="Law of the European Union">European law</a> and started to have a notable impact on national legislation. Little heed was taken of his administration at first but, with help from the <a href="European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>, his Commission stamped its authority solidly enough to allow future Commissions to be taken more seriously.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1965, however, accumulating differences between the French government of <a href="Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> and the other member states on various subjects (British entry, direct elections to Parliament, the <a href="Fouchet_Plan" title="Fouchet Plan">Fouchet Plan</a> and the budget) triggered the <a href="Empty_chair_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Empty chair crisis">"empty chair" crisis</a>, ostensibly over proposals for the <a href="Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a>. Although the institutional crisis was solved the following year, it cost <a href="%C3%89tienne_Hirsch" title="Étienne Hirsch">Étienne Hirsch</a> his presidency of <a href="Euratom" title="Euratom">Euratom</a> and later Walter Hallstein the EEC presidency, despite his otherwise being viewed as the most 'dynamic' leader until <a href="Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LSE_Chair-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> (27)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div><ul><li> <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li><li> <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li> <a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li> <a href="Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li> <a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li> <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li> <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li> <a href="Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li> <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li><li> <a href="France" title="France">France</a></li><li> <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li> <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li><li> <a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li> <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li> <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li> <a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li> <a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li> <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li> <a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li><li> <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li> <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li><li> <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li> <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li><li> <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li> <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li> <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li><li> <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></div>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Candidate countries</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Albania" title="Albania"></a> <a href="Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"></a> <a href="Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"></a> <a href="Accession_of_Georgia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Georgia to the European Union">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Moldova" title="Moldova"></a> <a href="Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">Moldova</a></li>

<li><a href="Montenegro" title="Montenegro"></a> <a href="Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">Montenegro</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"></a> <a href="Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">North Macedonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbia" title="Serbia"></a> <a href="Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine"></a> <a href="Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Ukraine</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Countries with suspended accession negotiations</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey"></a> <a href="Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkey</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Applicant countries</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Kosovo" title="Kosovo"></a> <a href="Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Kosovo</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#States_not_on_the_agenda" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">States not on the agenda</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Armenia" title="Armenia"></a> <a href="Accession_of_Armenia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Armenia to the European Union">Armenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"></a> <a href="Azerbaijan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Azerbaijan–European Union relations">Azerbaijan</a></li>

<li><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus"></a> <a href="Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Belarus–European Union relations">Belarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Iceland" title="Iceland"></a> <a href="Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Accession_of_Iceland_to_the_European_Union" title="Iceland–European Union relations">Iceland</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"></a> <a href="Kazakhstan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Prospect_of_EU_membership" title="Kazakhstan–European Union relations">Kazakhstan</a></li>

<li><a href="Norway" title="Norway"></a> <a href="Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#European_Union_membership_debate" title="Norway–European Union relations">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#EU_membership_discussion" title="Russia–European Union relations">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland"></a> <a href="Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Prospect_of_EU_membership" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> <a href="Potential_re-accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Union" title="Potential re-accession of the United Kingdom to the European Union">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">Microstates and the European Union</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Andorra" title="Andorra"></a> <a href="Andorra%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Membership" title="Andorra–European Union relations">Andorra</a></li>

<li><a href="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"></a> <a href="Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Monaco" title="Monaco"></a> <a href="Monaco%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Future_integration" title="Monaco–European Union relations">Monaco</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Marino" title="San Marino"></a> <a href="San_Marino%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Future_integration" title="San Marino–European Union relations">San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"></a> <a href="Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Membership" title="Holy See–European Union relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Special_territories_of_states_participating_in_the_European_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Special territories of states participating in the European integration">Special territories</a></li>

<li><a href="EU_three" title="EU three">EU 3 (EU founding states)</a></li>

<li><a href="Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement of the European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal from the European Union</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a> (1950)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="Europe_Declaration" title="Europe Declaration">Europe Declaration</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="Spaak_Report" title="Spaak Report">Spaak Report</a> (1956)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="Euratom_Treaty" title="Euratom Treaty">Euratom Treaty</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a> (1965)</li>

<li><a href="Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union" title="Solemn Declaration on European Union">Solemn Declaration</a> (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> (1992)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a> (1997)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a> (2001)</li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Declaration_(2007)" title="Berlin Declaration (2007)">Berlin Declaration</a> (2007)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> (2007)

<ul><li><a href="Article_7_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 7</a></li>

<li><a href="Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Article 50</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<hr>

<div class="center">Treaties of accession</div>

<hr>

<div class="center">Treaties of withdrawal</div>

<hr>

<div class="center">Other treaties</div>

<ul><li><a href="Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> (1985)</li>

<li><a href="European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area Agreement</a> (1992)</li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">Abandoned treaties and agreements</div>

<ul><li><a href="Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">UK membership renegotiation</a> (2015–2016)</li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center"><a href="European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a>: <a href="Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa" title="António Costa">Costa</a> (PES)

<ul><li><a href="European_Council#Political_parties" title="European Council">Parties</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_Council_meetings" title="List of European Council meetings">List of meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Von_der_Leyen_Commission_II" title="Von der Leyen Commission II">Von der Leyen Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a>: <a href="Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Von der Leyen</a> (EPP)</li>

<li><a href="Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice Presidents</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">College of Commissioners</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">Civil Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Secretary-General_of_the_European_Commission" title="Secretary-General of the European Commission">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="Ilze_Juhansone" title="Ilze Juhansone"> Juhansone</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative institutions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the EU</a>

<div class="center"><a href="Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></div> <div class="center"><a href="Denmark" title="Denmark"></a> <a href="2025_Danish_Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="2025 Danish Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Denmark</a></div> <div class="center">(<a href="2025_Danish_Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="2025 Danish Presidency of the Council of the European Union">July–December 2025</a>) </div></div>

<hr>

<div class="center">Configurations</div>

<li><a href="Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">ECOFIN</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Agriculture_and_Fisheries_Council" title="Agriculture and Fisheries Council">AGRIFISH</a></li>

<li><a href="Employment%2C_Social_Policy%2C_Health_and_Consumer_Affairs_Council" title="Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council">EPSCO</a></li>

<li><a href="Competitiveness_Council_(COMPET)" title="Competitiveness Council (COMPET)">COMPET</a></li>

</div>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Voting_in_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Voting in the Council of the European Union">Voting</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">Secretariat</a>

<ul><li><a href="Secretary-General_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Blanchet" title="Thérèse Blanchet">Thérèse Blanchet</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_directorates-general_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of directorates-general of the Council of the European Union">Directorates-general</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Council preparatory bodies

<ul><li><a href="Committee_of_Permanent_Representatives" title="Committee of Permanent Representatives">COREPER</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_Working_Party" title="Council Working Party">Council Working Parties</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> (<a href="List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_(2024%E2%80%932029)" title="List of members of the European Parliament (2024–2029)">Members</a>)</div>

<ul><li><a href="President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a>: <a href="Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Metsola</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Largest groups</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_People's_Party_group" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party group">EPP</a> (<a href="Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Manfred Weber</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">S&D</a> (<a href="Iratxe_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Iratxe García">Iratxe García</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tenth_European_Parliament" title="Tenth European Parliament">10th session</a> (2024–2029)</li>

<li><a href="Bureau_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Bureau of the European Parliament">Bureau</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice Presidents</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaestor_(European_Parliament)" title="Quaestor (European Parliament)">Quaestor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Conference_of_Presidents_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Conference of Presidents of the European Parliament">Conference</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="National_parliaments_of_the_European_Union" title="National parliaments of the European Union">National parliaments</a></div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Judicial institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center"><a href="Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the EU</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_members_of_the_European_Court_of_Justice" title="List of members of the European Court of Justice">Members</a></li>

<li><a href="Advocate_General_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocate General (European Union)">Advocates General</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_Court_of_Justice_rulings" title="List of European Court of Justice rulings">Rulings</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Auditory institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center"><a href="European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">Other auditory bodies</div>

<ul><li><a href="Internal_Audit_Service_(European_Commission)" title="Internal Audit Service (European Commission)">Internal Audit Service of the Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Parliament_Committee_on_Budgetary_Control" title="European Parliament Committee on Budgetary Control"> Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">Anti-Fraud Office</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Public_Prosecutor's_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">Public Prosecutor's Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a> <a href="Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Lagarde</a>

<li><a href="Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Euro banknotes</a></li>

<li><a href="Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Euro coins</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Other bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center">European Investment Bank Group</div>

<ul><li><a href="European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">Investment Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">Investment Fund</a></li>

<li>EIB Institute</li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">European Stability Mechanism</div>

<ul><li><a href="European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">European University Institute</div>

<ul><li><a href="European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">Unified Patent Court</div>

<ul><li><a href="Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="Agencies%2C_decentralised_independent_bodies_and_joint_undertakings_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings of the European Union and the Euratom">Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings</a></div>

<ul><li>Decentralised agencies of the EU

<ul><li>Single market agencies</li>

<li>CFSP agencies</li>

<li>AFSC agencies</li>

<li>ESFS <a href="European_Supervisory_Authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="European Supervisory Authorities">European Supervisory Authorities</a></li>

<li>SRM bodies</li></ul></li>

<li>Executive agencies of the EU</li>

<li>Euratom agencies</li>

<li>Decentralised independent bodies of the EU

<ul><li><a href="European_Institute_of_Innovation_and_Technology" title="European Institute of Innovation and Technology">European Institute of Innovation and Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Public_Prosecutor's_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">European Public Prosecutor's Office</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Corporate bodies of the EU

<ul><li><a href="European_Data_Protection_Board" title="European Data Protection Board">European Data Protection Board</a></li>

<li>Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations</li></ul></li>

<li>Joint undertakings

<li>of the Euratom</li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">Other independent bodies</div>

<ul><li><a href="European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="Advisory_bodies_to_the_European_Union" title="Advisory bodies to the European Union">Advisory bodies</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">Inter-institutional bodies</div>

<ul><li><a href="Publications_Office_of_the_European_Union" title="Publications Office of the European Union">Publications Office of the European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">European External Action Service</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Personnel_Selection_Office" title="European Personnel Selection Office">European Personnel Selection Office</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">Anti-Fraud Office</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Administrative_School" class="mw-redirect" title="European Administrative School">European Administrative School</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">Euratom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center">Euratom members</div>

<div><ul><li> <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li><li> <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li> <a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li> <a href="Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li> <a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li> <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li> <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li> <a href="Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li> <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li><li> <a href="France" title="France">France</a></li><li> <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li> <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li><li> <a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li> <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li> <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li> <a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li> <a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li> <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li> <a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li><li> <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li> <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li><li> <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li> <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li><li> <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li> <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li> <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li><li> <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></div>

<hr>

<div class="center">Associated states</div>

<ul><li> <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>

<li> <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_power_in_the_European_Union" title="Nuclear power in the European Union">Nuclear power in the European Union</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center"><a href="Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone members</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Austria" title="Austria"></a> <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium"></a> <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatia" title="Croatia"></a> <a href="Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus"></a> <a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonia" title="Estonia"></a> <a href="Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Finland" title="Finland"></a> <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="France" title="France"></a> <a href="France" title="France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a> <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Greece" title="Greece"></a> <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"></a> <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a> <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvia" title="Latvia"></a> <a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania"></a> <a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"></a> <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Malta" title="Malta"></a> <a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a> <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Portugal" title="Portugal"></a> <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia"></a> <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia"></a> <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a> <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></div>

<ul><li>President

<ul><li><a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"></a> <a href="Paschal_Donohoe" title="Paschal Donohoe">Paschal Donohoe</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center"><a href="Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Other currencies in use</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"></a> <a href="Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"></a> <a href="Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a></li>

<li><a href="Denmark" title="Denmark"></a> <a href="Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary" title="Hungary"></a> <a href="Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a></li>

<li><a href="Poland" title="Poland"></a> <a href="Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania" title="Romania"></a> <a href="Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden"></a> <a href="Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<li><a href="Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Enlargement of the eurozone</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">Non Euro countries relationship to Euro</div>

<ul><li><a href="Bulgaria_and_the_euro" title="Bulgaria and the euro">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_Republic_and_the_euro" title="Czech Republic and the euro">Czechia</a></li>

<li><a href="Denmark_and_the_euro" title="Denmark and the euro">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary_and_the_euro" title="Hungary and the euro">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Poland_and_the_euro" title="Poland and the euro">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania_and_the_euro" title="Romania and the euro">Romania</a></li></ul>

</div>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;">

<ul><li> <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li> <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li> <a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li> <a href="Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>

<li> <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>

<li> <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li> <a href="Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>

<li> <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li> <a href="France" title="France">France</a></li>

<li> <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li> <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li> <a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li> <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li> <a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>

<li> <a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>

<li> <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li> <a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>

<li> <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li> <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li> <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>

<li> <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>

<li> <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li> <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">Non-EU members</div>

<ul><li> <a href="Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li>

<li> <a href="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li> <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li> <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">Non-Schengen area EU member states</div>

<ul><li> <a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li> <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> (Opt-out)</li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="European_Travel_Information_and_Authorisation_System" title="European Travel Information and Authorisation System">ETIAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Pr%C3%BCm_Convention" title="Prüm Convention">Prüm Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Schengen_Information_System" title="Schengen Information System">Schengen Information System</a></li>

<li><a href="Visa_Information_System" title="Visa Information System">Visa Information System</a></li>

<li><a href="Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy of the Schengen Area</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center">EEA members</div>

<ul><li><a href="Austria" title="Austria"></a> <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium"></a> <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"></a> <a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatia" title="Croatia"></a> <a href="Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus"></a> <a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"></a> <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Denmark" title="Denmark"></a> <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonia" title="Estonia"></a> <a href="Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Finland" title="Finland"></a> <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="France" title="France"></a> <a href="France" title="France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a> <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Greece" title="Greece"></a> <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary" title="Hungary"></a> <a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a> <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvia" title="Latvia"></a> <a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania"></a> <a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"></a> <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Malta" title="Malta"></a> <a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a> <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Poland" title="Poland"></a> <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Portugal" title="Portugal"></a> <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania" title="Romania"></a> <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia"></a> <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia"></a> <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a> <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden"></a> <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">Non-EU members</div>

<ul><li> <a href="Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li>

<li> <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">Topics</div>

<ul><li><a href="EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">EEA National Identity cards</a></li>

<li><a href="Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">Microstates and the European Union</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections to the European Parliament</a></li>

<li><a href="European_political_party" title="European political party">European parties</a></li>

<li><a href="European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European foundations</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups of the European Parliament</a></li>

<li><a href="Spitzenkandidat" title="Spitzenkandidat">Spitzenkandidat</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li>

<li><a href="Apportionment_in_the_European_Parliament" title="Apportionment in the European Parliament">Apportionment</a></li>

<li><a href="Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union" title="Referendums related to the European Union">Referendums related to the EU</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">European elections</div>

<li><a href="2024_European_Parliament_election" title="2024 European Parliament election">2024 (latest election)</a></li></ul>

</div>

<hr>

<div class="center">Elections in EU member states</div>

<ul><li><a href="Austria" title="Austria"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Austria" title="Elections in Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Belgium" title="Elections in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Bulgaria" title="Elections in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatia" title="Croatia"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Croatia" title="Elections in Croatia">Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Cyprus" title="Elections in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"></a> <a href="Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Denmark" title="Denmark"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Denmark" title="Elections in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonia" title="Estonia"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Finland" title="Finland"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="France" title="France"></a> <a href="Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Greece" title="Greece"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary" title="Hungary"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"></a> <a href="Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Elections in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvia" title="Latvia"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Lithuania" title="Elections in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Malta" title="Malta"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Malta" title="Elections in Malta">Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a> <a href="Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Poland" title="Poland"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Portugal" title="Portugal"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania" title="Romania"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Slovakia" title="Elections in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Slovenia" title="Elections in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Principle_of_conferral" title="Principle of conferral">Conferral</a></li>

<li><a href="Primacy_of_European_Union_law" title="Primacy of European Union law">Primacy</a> (<a href="Costa_v_ENEL" title="Costa v ENEL">ECJ Case 6/64</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Subsidiarity_(European_Union)" title="Subsidiarity (European Union)">Subsidiarity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_(European_Union)" title="Decision (European Union)">Decision</a></li>

<li><a href="Recommendation_(European_Union)" title="Recommendation (European Union)">Recommendation</a></li>

<li><a href="Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Fundamental Rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free Trade Agreements</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a>

<li>Policies

<ul><li><a href="Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy</a></li>

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<li><a href="Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional</a></li></ul></li>

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<li><a href="Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">European Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Kaja_Kallas" title="Kaja Kallas">Kaja Kallas</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">Ext. Action Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Foreign Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence Policy</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div class="center">Foreign relations of EU member states</div>

<ul><li><a href="Austria" title="Austria"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Austria" title="Foreign relations of Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Bulgaria" title="Foreign relations of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatia" title="Croatia"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Croatia" title="Foreign relations of Croatia">Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Denmark" title="Denmark"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Denmark" title="Foreign relations of Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonia" title="Estonia"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Finland" title="Finland"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="France" title="France"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Greece" title="Greece"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary" title="Hungary"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvia" title="Latvia"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Latvia" title="Foreign relations of Latvia">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Lithuania" title="Foreign relations of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Luxembourg" title="Foreign relations of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Malta" title="Malta"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of Malta">Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Poland" title="Poland"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Portugal" title="Portugal"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania" title="Romania"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Slovakia" title="Foreign relations of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Slovenia" title="Foreign relations of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden"></a> <a href="Foreign_relations_of_Sweden" title="Foreign relations of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Argentina%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Argentina–European Union relations">Argentina–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">Armenia–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Australia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Australia–European Union relations">Australia–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazil%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Brazil–European Union relations">Brazil–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Canada%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Canada–European Union relations">Canada–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="European Union–NATO relations">European Union–NATO relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Georgia–European Union relations">Georgia–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">Iceland–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Iran%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iran–European Union relations">Iran–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Israel%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Israel–European Union relations">Israel–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Japan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Japan–European Union relations">Japan–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakhstan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Kazakhstan–European Union relations">Kazakhstan–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexico%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Mexico–European Union relations">Mexico–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Moldova–European Union relations">Moldova–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">Norway–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">Russia–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">Switzerland–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union–Turkey relations">Turkey–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">United Kingdom–European Union relations</a> (<a href="United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">History</a>)

<ul><li><a href="Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United States–European Union relations">United States–European Union relations</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a> (<a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">Microstates and the European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union and the United Nations</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a>

<ul><li><a href="Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (1958–1993)

<dl><dd><a href="European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a></dd>

<dd><a href="European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a></dd></dl></li>

<li><a href="European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Convention_on_the_Future_of_Europe" title="Convention on the Future of Europe">Convention on the Future of Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<a href="Portal%3AEuropean_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

The three bodies, collectively named the European Executives, co-existed until 1 July 1967 when, under the <a href="Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a>, they were combined into a single administration under President <a href="Jean_Rey_(politician)" title="Jean Rey (politician)">Jean Rey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_commission_history-8">[8]</a> Owing to the merger, the <a href="Rey_Commission" title="Rey Commission">Rey Commission</a> saw a temporary increase to 14 members—although subsequent Commissions were reduced back to nine, following the formula of one member for small states and two for larger states.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_composition-12">[12]</a> The Rey Commission completed the Community's <a href="Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> in 1968 and campaigned for a more powerful, elected, <a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meet_Rey-13">[13]</a> Despite Rey being the first President of the combined communities, Hallstein is seen as the first President of the modern Commission.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_commission_history-8">[8]</a>

The <a href="Malfatti_Commission" title="Malfatti Commission">Malfatti</a> and <a href="Mansholt_Commission" title="Mansholt Commission">Mansholt Commissions</a> followed with work on monetary co-operation and the first <a href="Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a> to the north in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-Meet_Mansholt-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meet_Malfatti-15">[15]</a> With that enlargement, the College of Commissioners membership increased to thirteen under the <a href="Ortoli_Commission" title="Ortoli Commission">Ortoli Commission</a> (the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> as a large member was granted two Commissioners), which dealt with the enlarged community during economic and international instability at that time.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_composition-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meet_Ortoli-16">[16]</a> The external representation of the Community took a step forward when President <a href="Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a>, recruited to the presidency in January 1977 from his role as <a href="Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> of the United Kingdom's <a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> became the first President to attend a <a href="G8" title="G8">G8</a> summit on behalf of the Community.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Following the <a href="Jenkins_Commission_(EU)" title="Jenkins Commission (EU)">Jenkins Commission</a>, <a href="Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Gaston Thorn</a>'s <a href="Thorn_Commission" title="Thorn Commission">Commission</a> oversaw the Community's enlargement to the south, in addition to beginning work on the <a href="Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meet_Thorn-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacques_Delors">Jacques Delors</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Delors_Commission" title="Delors Commission">Delors Commission</a></div>

The Commission headed by Jacques Delors was seen as giving the Community a sense of direction and dynamism.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Delors and his College are also considered as the "<a href="Founding_father" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding father">founding fathers</a> of the <a href="Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Meet_Delors-21">[21]</a> The <a href="International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a> noted the work of Delors at the end of his second term in 1992: "Mr. Delors rescued the European Community from the doldrums. He arrived when Europessimism was at its worst. Although he was a little-known former French finance minister, he breathed life and hope into the EC and into the dispirited Brussels Commission. In his first term, from 1985 to 1988, he rallied Europe to the call of the single market, and when appointed to a second term he began urging Europeans toward the far more ambitious goals of economic, monetary, and political union".<a href="#cite_note-IHT_Delors_quote-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacques_Santer">Jacques Santer</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Santer_Commission" title="Santer Commission">Santer Commission</a></div>

The successor to Delors was <a href="Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a>. As a result of a fraud and corruption scandal, the entire Santer Commission was forced by the <a href="Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a> to resign in 1999. These frauds were revealed by internal auditor <a href="Paul_van_Buitenen" title="Paul van Buitenen">Paul van Buitenen</a>, with French commissioner <a href="%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Édith Cresson</a> being the main target of the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

That was the first time a College of Commissioners had been forced to resign en masse, and represented a shift of power towards the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> However, the Santer Commission did carry out work on the <a href="Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a> and the euro.<a href="#cite_note-Meet_Santer-26">[26]</a> In response to the scandal, the <a href="European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">European Anti-Fraud Office</a> (OLAF) was created.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romano_Prodi">Romano Prodi</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Prodi_Commission" title="Prodi Commission">Prodi Commission</a></div>

Following Santer, <a href="Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a> took office. The Amsterdam Treaty had increased the commission's powers and Prodi was dubbed by the press as something akin to a Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Powers were strengthened again; the <a href="Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a>, signed in 2001, gave the Presidents more power over the composition of the College of Commissioners.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_commission_history-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="José_Manuel_Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission</a></div>

<a href="Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a> became president in 2004: the Parliament once again asserted itself in objecting to the proposed membership of the Barroso Commission. Owing to this opposition, Barroso was forced to reshuffle his College before taking office.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The Barroso Commission was also the first full Commission since the enlargement in 2004 to 25 members; hence, the number of Commissioners at the end of the Prodi Commission had reached 30. As a result of the increase in the number of states, the Amsterdam Treaty triggered a reduction in the number of Commissioners to one per state, rather than two for the larger states.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_composition-12">[12]</a>

Allegations of fraud and corruption were again raised in 2004 by former chief auditor Jules Muis.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A Commission officer, Guido Strack, reported alleged fraud and abuses in his department in the years 2002–2004 to OLAF, and was fired as a result.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 2008, Paul van Buitenen (the former auditor known from the Santer Commission scandal) accused the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) of a lack of independence and effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

Barroso's first Commission term expired on 31 October 2009. Under the Treaty of Nice, the first Commission to be appointed after the number of member states reached 27 would have to be reduced to "less than the number of Member States". The exact number of Commissioners was to be decided by a unanimous vote of the <a href="European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>, and membership would rotate equally between member states. Following the <a href="2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">accession of Romania and Bulgaria</a> in January 2007, this clause took effect for the next Commission.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The Treaty of Lisbon, which came into force on 1 December 2009, mandated a reduction of the number of commissioners to two-thirds of member-states from 2014 unless the Council decided otherwise. Membership would rotate equally and no member state would have more than one Commissioner. However, the treaty was rejected by voters in Ireland in 2008 with one main concern being the loss of their Commissioner. Hence a guarantee given for a rerun of the vote was that the council would use its power to amend the number of Commissioners upwards. However, according to the treaties it still has to be fewer than the total number of members, thus it was proposed that the member state that does not get a Commissioner would get the post of High Representative – the so-called 26+1 formula.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This guarantee (which may find its way into the next treaty amendment, probably in an accession treaty) contributed to the Irish approving the treaty in a second referendum in 2009.

Lisbon also combined the posts of <a href="European_Commissioner_for_External_Relations" title="European Commissioner for External Relations">European Commissioner for External Relations</a> with the council's <a href="High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy</a>. This post, also a <a href="Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-president of the Commission</a>, would chair the Council of the European Union's foreign affairs meetings as well as the commission's external relations duties.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_web_portal-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The treaty further provides that the most recent European elections should be "taken into account" when appointing the President of the European Commission, and although they are still proposed by the European Council; the European Parliament "elects" candidates to the office, rather than "approves" them as under the Treaty of Nice.<a href="#cite_note-Article_17:7_TEU-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Europa_web_portal-36">[36]</a>

The Barroso Commission is, in reaction to <a href="Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a>, said to have toned down enforcement to increase integration.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jean-Claude_Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Juncker_Commission" title="Juncker Commission">Juncker Commission</a></div>

In 2014, <a href="Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> became President of the European Commission.

Juncker appointed his previous campaign director and head of the transition team, <a href="Martin_Selmayr" title="Martin Selmayr">Martin Selmayr</a>, as his chief of cabinet. During the Juncker presidency Selmayr has been described as "the most powerful EU chief of staff ever."<a href="#cite_note-politico-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ursula_von_der_Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Von_der_Leyen_Commission_I" title="Von der Leyen Commission I">Von der Leyen Commission I</a> and <a href="Von_der_Leyen_Commission_II" title="Von der Leyen Commission II">Von der Leyen Commission II</a></div>

In 2019, <a href="Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> was appointed as President of the European Commission. She submitted the guidelines of her policy to the <a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> on 16 July 2019, following her confirmation. She had not been considered a likely candidate (in general, the elected candidate is determined, according to the results of the <a href="Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">European election</a>, as winner of the internal election into the dominant European party known as "<a href="Spitzenkandidat" title="Spitzenkandidat">spitzenkandidat</a>"). While the <a href="European_People's_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> had won the European Parliament election, they had performed worse than expected and therefore nominated von der Leyen instead of <a href="Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Manfred Weber</a>, their original candidate. On 9 September, the <a href="Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> declared a list of candidate-commissioners, which are sent to Brussels by the governments of each member state and which had to be officially approved by the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

In September 2024, Von der Leyen revealed her new team of European Commissioners, marking a shift to a "leaner" and more interconnected structure. The lineup featured six executive vice-presidents (EVPs) from France, Finland, Estonia, Italy, Romania, and Spain. These EVPs, including <a href="Teresa_Ribera" title="Teresa Ribera">Teresa Ribera</a> and <a href="St%C3%A9phane_S%C3%A9journ%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Séjourné">Stéphane Séjourné</a>, were tasked with overseeing various clusters of Commissioners and steering key policy areas such as prosperity, security, and democracy. <a href="Raffaele_Fitto" title="Raffaele Fitto">Raffaele Fitto</a> was appointed despite criticism from European socialists over his hard-right affiliations. Other notable appointments included <a href="Kaja_Kallas" title="Kaja Kallas">Kaja Kallas</a> as EVP for Foreign and Security Policy, and <a href="Henna_Virkkunen" title="Henna Virkkunen">Henna Virkkunen</a> as EVP for Tech Sovereignty and Digital Technologies. The Commission also introduced new roles like the Commissioner for Defence and Security and the Commissioner for the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers_and_functions">Powers and functions</h2></div>

The commission was set up from the start to act as an independent supranational authority separate from governments; it has been described as "the only body paid to think European".<a href="#cite_note-Day-43">[43]</a> The members are proposed by their member state governments, one from each. However, they are bound to act independently – free from other influences such as those governments which appointed them. This is in contrast to the Council of the European Union, which represents governments, the European Parliament, which represents <a href="EU_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="EU citizen">citizens</a>, the <a href="Economic_and_Social_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Social Committee">Economic and Social Committee</a>, which represents organised civil society, and the <a href="European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">Committee of the Regions</a>, which represents local and regional authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Institutions-44">[44]</a>

Through <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_III:_Provisions_on_the_Institutions#Article_17" class="extiw external" title="s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title III: Provisions on the Institutions">Article 17 of the Treaty on European Union</a> the commission has several responsibilities: to develop medium-term strategies; to draft legislation and arbitrate in the legislative process; to represent the EU in trade negotiations; to make rules and regulations, for example in competition policy; to draw up the <a href="Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">budget of the European Union</a>; and to scrutinise the implementation of the treaties and legislation.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The rules of procedure of the European Commission set out the commission's operation and organisation.<a href="#cite_note-rules-46">[46]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_power">Executive power</h3></div>

Before the <a href="Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> came into force, the executive power of the EU was held by the council: it conferred on the Commission such powers for it to exercise. However, the council was allowed to withdraw these powers, exercise them directly, or impose conditions on their use.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> This aspect has been changed by the Treaty of Lisbon, after which the Commission exercises its powers just by virtue of the treaties. Powers are more restricted than most national executives, in part due to the commission's lack of power over areas like <a href="Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">foreign policy</a> – that power is held by the Council of the European Union and the European Council, which some analysts have described as another executive.<a href="#cite_note-dragoman-49">[49]</a>

Considering that under the Treaty of Lisbon, the European Council has become a formal institution with the power of appointing the commission, it could be said that the two bodies hold the executive power of the EU (the European Council also holds individual national executive powers). However, it is the Commission that currently holds most of the executive power over the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dragoman-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_initiative">Legislative initiative</h3></div>

The Commission differs from the other institutions in that it alone has <a href="Legislative_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative initiative">legislative initiative</a> in the EU. Only the commission can make formal proposals for legislation: they cannot originate in the legislative branches. Under the Treaty of Lisbon, no legislative act is allowed in the field of the <a href="Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a>. In the other fields, the Council and Parliament can request legislation; in most cases the Commission initiates on the basis of these proposals. This monopoly is designed to ensure coordinated and coherent drafting of <a href="Law_of_the_European_Union" title="Law of the European Union">EU law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> This monopoly has been challenged by some who claim the Parliament should also have the right, with most national parliaments holding the right in some respects.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> However, the Council and Parliament may request the commission to draft legislation, though the Commission does have the power to refuse to do so<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> as it did in 2008 over transnational collective conventions.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Under the Lisbon Treaty, EU citizens are also able to request the commission to legislate in an area via <a href="European_Citizens'_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">a petition carrying one million signatures</a>, but this is not binding.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

The commission's powers in proposing law have usually centred on economic regulation. It has put forward a large number of regulations based on a "<a href="Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">precautionary principle</a>". This means that pre-emptive regulation takes place if there is a credible hazard to the environment or human health: for example on tackling <a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and restricting <a href="Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified organisms</a>. The European Commission has committed EU member states to <a href="Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> This is opposed to weighting regulations for their effect on the economy. Thus, the Commission often proposes stricter legislation than other countries. Owing to the size of the European market, this has made EU legislation an important influence in the global market.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On February 23, 2022, the European Commission published the <a href="Corporate_Sustainability_Due_Diligence_Directive" title="Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive">Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive</a> which establishes a framework of <a href="Due_diligence" title="Due diligence">due diligence</a> for companies to identify actual or potential risks and harm to <a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and the <a href="Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> as well as establishing processes and standards to diminish these risks. The <a href="Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a> is expected to be officially adopted in 2024 and then be incorporated into domestic laws within two years by all of the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states.

Recently the commission has moved into creating <a href="Law_of_the_European_Union#Criminal_law" title="Law of the European Union">European criminal law</a>. In 2006, a <a href="2006_C%C3%B4te_d'Ivoire_toxic_waste_spill" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste spill">toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire</a>, from a European ship, prompted the commission to look into legislation against toxic waste. at that time did not even have a crime against shipping toxic waste; this led the Commissioners <a href="Franco_Frattini" title="Franco Frattini">Franco Frattini</a> and <a href="Stavros_Dimas" title="Stavros Dimas">Stavros Dimas</a> to put forward the idea of "ecological crimes". Their right to propose criminal law was challenged in the <a href="European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> but upheld. As of 2007, the only other criminal law proposals which have been brought forward are on the <a href="Proposed_directive_on_criminal_measures_aimed_at_ensuring_the_enforcement_of_intellectual_property_rights" title="Proposed directive on criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights">intellectual property rights directive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-E!Sharp0507_Legal-60">[60]</a> and on an amendment to the 2002 counter-terrorism framework decision, outlawing terrorism‑related incitement, recruitment (especially via the internet) and training.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h3></div>

Once legislation is passed by the Council and Parliament, it is the commission's responsibility to ensure it is implemented. It does this through the member states or through its <a href="Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">agencies</a>. In adopting the necessary technical measures, the commission is assisted by committees made up of representatives of member states and of the public and private <a href="Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbies</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> (a process known in jargon as "<a href="Comitology" title="Comitology">comitology</a>").<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Furthermore, the commission is responsible for the implementation of the <a href="EU_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="EU budget">EU budget</a>, ensuring, along with the <a href="Court_of_Auditors" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Auditors">Court of Auditors</a>, that EU funds are correctly spent.

In particular the commission has a duty to ensure the treaties and law are upheld, potentially by taking member states or other institutions to the <a href="European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a> in a dispute. In this role it is known informally as the "Guardian of the Treaties".<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Institutions-44">[44]</a> Finally, the Commission provides some <a href="Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">external representation</a> for the Union, alongside the member states and the <a href="Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a>, representing the Union in bodies such as the <a href="World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. It is also usual for the President to attend meetings of the <a href="G7" title="G7">G7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Institutions-44">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="College_of_Commissioners">College of Commissioners</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For members of the current Commission, see <a href="Von_der_Leyen_Commission_II" title="Von der Leyen Commission II">Von der Leyen Commission II</a>.</div>

The commission is composed of a "College of <a href="European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">Commissioners</a>" of 27 members, including the President and vice-presidents. Even though each member is nominated on the basis of the suggestions made by the national governments, one per state, they do not represent their state in the commission.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_examine-64">[64]</a> In practice, however, they do occasionally press for their national interest.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Once proposed, the President delegates <a href="List_of_European_Commission_portfolios" title="List of European Commission portfolios">portfolios</a> among each of the members. The power of a Commissioner largely depends upon their portfolio, and can vary over time. For example, the <a href="European_Commissioner_for_Education%2C_Training_%26_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Education, Training & Culture">Education Commissioner</a> has been growing in importance, in line with the rise in the importance of education and culture in European policy-making.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Another example is the <a href="European_Commissioner_for_Competition" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Competition">Competition Commissioner</a>, who holds a highly visible position with global reach.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_examine-64">[64]</a> Before the commission can assume office, the college as a whole must be approved by the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Institutions-44">[44]</a> Commissioners are supported by their <a href="Cabinet_(European_Commission)" title="Cabinet (European Commission)">personal cabinet</a> who give them political guidance, while the <a href="European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">Civil Service</a> (the DGs, see below) deal with technical preparation.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment">Appointment</h3></div>

The <a href="President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the Commission</a> is appointed in an <a href="Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirect election</a>. The candidate is first selected by the <a href="European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>, according to the <a href="Voting_in_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Voting in the Council of the European Union">Qualified Majority Vote</a> (QMV), taking into account the latest <a href="Elections_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the European Union">parliamentary elections</a> (any person from the largest party can be picked<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>). That candidate then faces <a href="Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">approval</a> by the <a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. If the European Parliament fails to elect the candidate, the European Council shall propose another within one month.<a href="#cite_note-Article_17:7_TEU-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schütze_2012-6">[6]</a>

Following the selection of the President, and the appointment of the <a href="High_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="High Representative">High Representative</a> by the European Council, each <a href="European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">Commissioner</a> is proposed by their member state (except for those states who provided the President and High Representative) in consultation with the Commission President and the <a href="Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>, who formally adopts the list of candidates. The President's proposed College of Commissioners is then subject to hearings at the <a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> which will question them and then vote on their suitability as a whole. If the European Parliament submits a negative opinion of a candidate, the President must either reshuffle them or request a new candidate from the member state to avoid the college's outright rejection by the European Parliament. Once the college is approved by parliament, it is formally appointed following a QMV vote by the <a href="European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Article_17:7_TEU-7">[7]</a>

Following the college's appointment, the President appoints a number of <a href="Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-presidents</a> from among the commissioners. Vice-presidents manage policy areas involving multiple Commissioners.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> One of these includes the <a href="High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative</a>, who is automatically one of the Vice-presidents <a href="Ex_officio_member" title="Ex officio member">ex officio</a> rather than by appointment and confirmation. Commonly referred to as the 'HR/VP' position, the High Representative also coordinates commissioners' activities involving the external relations and defence cooperation of the European Union. The <a href="Von_der_Leyen_Commission_I" title="Von der Leyen Commission I">von der Leyen Commission</a> also created the position of more senior <a href="Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Executive Vice-presidents</a>, appointed from the three largest political groups in the European Parliament. Unlike the other vice-presidents, their mission is to manage the incumbent Commission's top priority policy areas, for which they receive additional support from a dedicated <a href="Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorate-General</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dismissal">Dismissal</h3></div>

The European Parliament can dissolve the College of Commissioners as a whole following a <a href="Vote_of_no-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no-confidence">vote of no-confidence</a>, which requires a two-thirds vote.

Only the President can request the resignation of an individual Commissioner. However, individual Commissioners, by request of the council or Commission, can be compelled to retire on account of a breach of obligation(s) and if so ruled by the European Court of Justice (Art. 245 and 247, Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_styles">Political styles</h3></div>

The <a href="Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission</a> took office in late 2004 after being delayed by objections from the Parliament, which forced a reshuffle. In 2007 the Commission increased from 25 to 27 members with the accession of Romania and Bulgaria who each appointed their own Commissioners. With the increasing size of the commission, Barroso adopted a more presidential style of control over the college, which earned him some criticism.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

However, under Barroso, the commission began to lose ground to the larger member states as countries such as France, the UK and Germany sought to sideline its role. This has increased with the creation of the <a href="President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a> under the <a href="Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> There has also been a greater degree of <a href="European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">politicisation within the Commission</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">European Civil Service</a></div>

The commission is divided into departments known as <a href="Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a> (DGs) that can be likened to departments or <a href="Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a>. Each covers a specific policy area such as agriculture or justice and citizens' rights or internal services such as human resources and translation and is headed by a director-general who is responsible to a commissioner. A commissioner's portfolio can be supported by numerous DGs; they prepare proposals for them and if approved by a majority of commissioners proposals go forward to the Parliament and Council for consideration.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Institutions-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The <a href="European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">Commission's civil service</a> is headed by a <a href="Secretary-General_of_the_European_Commission" title="Secretary-General of the European Commission">Secretary General</a>. The position is currently held by <a href="Ilze_Juhansone" title="Ilze Juhansone">Ilze Juhansone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The rules of procedure of the European Commission set out the commission's operation and organisation.<a href="#cite_note-rules-46">[46]</a>

There has been criticism from a number of people that the highly fragmented DG structure wastes a considerable amount of time in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turf_war" class="extiw external" title="wikt:turf war">turf wars</a> as the different departments and Commissioners compete with each other. Furthermore, the DGs can exercise considerable control over a Commissioner with the Commissioner having little time to learn to assert control over their staff.<a href="#cite_note-LEM-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Press_Releases-76">[76]</a>

According to figures published by the commission, 23,803 persons were employed by the commission as officials and temporary agents in September 2012. In addition to these, 9230 "external staff" (e.g. Contractual agents, detached national experts, young experts, <a href="Traineeship_scheme_of_the_European_Commission" title="Traineeship scheme of the European Commission">trainees</a> etc.) were employed. The single largest DG is the <a href="Directorate-General_for_Translation_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Translation (European Commission)">Directorate-General for Translation</a>, with a 2309-strong staff, while the largest group by nationality is Belgian (18.7%), probably due to a majority (17,664) of staff being based in the country.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press">Press</h3></div>

Communication with the press is handled by the <a href="Directorate-General_Communication_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General Communication (European Commission)">Directorate-General Communication</a>. The commission's chief spokesperson is Eric Mamer who holds the midday <a href="Mass_media" title="Mass media">press</a> briefings, commonly known as the "Midday Presser". It takes place every weekday in the commission's press room at the Berlaymont where journalists may ask questions to the Commission officials on any topic and legitimately expect to get an "on the record" answer for live TV. Such a situation is unique in the world.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>

As an integral part of the Directorate-General for Communication, the Spokesperson's Service, in coordination with the Executive Communication Adviser in the President's Cabinet, supports the President and Commissioners so that they can communicate effectively. On political communication matters, the chief spokesperson reports directly to the President of the European Commission.

It has been noted by one researcher that the press releases issued by the commission are uniquely political. A release often goes through several stages of drafting which emphasises the role of the commission and is used "for justifying the EU and the Commission" increasing their length and complexity. Where there are multiple departments involved a press release can also be a source of competition between areas of the Commission and Commissioners themselves. This also leads to an unusually high number of press releases, and is seen as a unique product of the EU's political set-up.<a href="#cite_note-Press_Releases-76">[76]</a>

There is a larger press corps in Brussels than Washington, D.C.; in 2020, media outlets in every Union member-state had a Brussels <a href="Correspondent" title="Correspondent">correspondent</a>. Although there has been a worldwide cut in journalists, the considerable press releases and operations such as <a href="Europe_by_Satellite" title="Europe by Satellite">Europe by Satellite</a> and <a href="EuroparlTV" title="EuroparlTV">EuroparlTV</a> leads many news organisations to believe they can cover the EU from these source and <a href="News_agency" title="News agency">news agencies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The Commission shut down <a href="Presseurop" title="Presseurop">Presseurop</a> on 20 December 2013,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> though the decision was criticised.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legitimacy_and_criticism">Legitimacy and criticism</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union#European_Commission" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy of the European Union § European Commission</a></div>

As the commission is the executive branch, candidates are chosen individually by the 27 national governments. Within the EU, the legitimacy of the commission is mainly drawn from the vote of approval that is required from the European Parliament, along with its power to dismiss the body. Eurosceptics have therefore raised the concern of the relatively low turnout (often less than 50%) in elections for the European Parliament <a href="1999_European_Parliament_election" title="1999 European Parliament election">since 1999</a>. While that figure may be higher than that of some national elections, including the off-year elections of the <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, the fact that there are no <a href="Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct elections</a> for the position of Commission President calls the position's legitimacy into question in the eyes of some Eurosceptics.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The fact that the commission can directly decide (albeit with oversight from specially formed <a href="Comitology" title="Comitology">'comitology committees'</a>) on the shape and character of implementing legislation further raises concerns about democratic legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>

Even though democratic structures and methods are changing there is not such a mirror in creating a European <a href="Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> may go some way to resolving the perceived deficit in creating greater democratic controls on the commission, including enshrining the procedure of linking elections to the selection of the Commission president. Historically, the commission had indeed been seen as a technocratic expert body which, akin with institutions such as independent <a href="Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a>, deals with technical areas of policy and therefore ought to be removed from party politics.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> From this viewpoint, electoral pressures would undermine the commission's role as an independent regulator.<a href="#cite_note-Majone_2002_375-86">[86]</a> Defenders of the Commission point out that legislation must be approved by the Council in all areas (the ministers of member states) and the <a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in most areas before it can be adopted, thus the amount of legislation which is adopted in any one country without the approval of its government is limited.<a href="#cite_note-Majone_2002_375-86">[86]</a>

In 2009 the European ombudsman published <a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> of citizens' complaints against EU institutions, with most of them filed against the commission (66%) and concerning lack of transparency (36%).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 2010 the commission was sued for blocking access to documents on EU biofuel policy.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> This happened after media accused the Commission of blocking scientific evidence against biofuel subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Lack of transparency, unclear lobbyist relations, conflicts of interests and excessive spending of the commission was highlighted in a number of reports by internal and independent auditing organisations.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> It has also been criticised on IT-related issues, particularly with regard to <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>

In September 2020, the European Commission put forward an Anti-Racism Action Plan to tackle the structural racism in the European Union, including measures to address the lack of racial diversity among the European decision makers in Brussels, as denounced by the <a href="Brussels_So_White" title="Brussels So White">#BrusselsSoWhite</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initiatives">Initiatives</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-terrorism">Anti-terrorism</h3></div>

The European Commission has an Action Plan to enhance preparedness against <a href="CBRN_defense" title="CBRN defense">chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear</a> (CBRN) security risks as part of its anti-terrorism package released in October 2017. In recent times Europe has seen an increased threat level of CBRN attacks. As such, the European Commission's preparedness plan is important, said Steven Neville Chatfield, a director for the Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response in the United Kingdom's <a href="Health_Protection_Agency" title="Health Protection Agency">Health Protection Agency</a>. For the first time, the European Commission proposed that medical preparedness for CBRN attack threats is a high priority. "The European Commission's (EC) Action Plan to enhance preparedness against CBRN security risks is part of its anti-terrorism package released in October 2017, a strategy aimed at better protecting the more than 511 million citizens across the 27 member states of the European Union (EU)."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_response">COVID-19 response</h3></div>

The European Commission organized a video conference of world leaders on 4 May 2020 to raise funds for <a href="COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a> development. US$8 billion was raised.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>

The European Commission issued a new multi-year data plan in February 2020 pushing the digitalization of all aspects of <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> society for the benefit of civic and economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-:7-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-101">[101]</a>

The goal of this data strategy is to create a single market for data in which data flows across the EU and across sectors while maintaining full respect for privacy and data protection, where access rules are fair, and where the European economy benefits enormously as a global player as a result of the new data economy.<a href="#cite_note-:7-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-101">[101]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2></div>

The commission's political seat is in Brussels with the President's office and the commission's meeting room on the 13th floor of the <a href="Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont building</a>. The commission also operates out of <a href="Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">numerous other buildings in Brussels</a> and <a href="Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-European_Commission_locations-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> When the Parliament is meeting in <a href="Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, the Commissioners also meet there in the <a href="Seat_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Strasbourg#Secondary_buildings" title="Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg">Winston Churchill building</a> to attend the Parliament's debates.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The Members of the Commission and their "cabinets" (immediate teams) are also based in the Berlaymont building in Brussels. Additionally, the European Commission has in-house scientific facilities that support it in: <a href="Ispra" title="Ispra">Ispra</a>, Italy; <a href="Petten" title="Petten">Petten</a>, Netherlands; <a href="Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, Germany; <a href="Geel" title="Geel">Geel</a>, Belgium and <a href="Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain. In Grange, County Meath, Ireland, a Commission site is hosting part of DG Santè.

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<ul><li><a href="European_Free_Trade_Association_Surveillance_Authority" title="European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority">European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">List of European Commissioners by nationality</a></li>

<li><a href="EU_Open_Data_Portal" title="EU Open Data Portal">EU Open Data Portal</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Data_Portal" title="European Data Portal">European Data Portal</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-European_Commission_locations-102"><a href="#cite_ref-European_Commission_locations_102-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/european-commission/index_en.htm">"European Commission"</a>. European Union. <a href="Europa_(web_portal)" title="Europa (web portal)">Europa</a>. 16 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710040146/http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/european-commission/index_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCastle2004" class="citation news cs1">Castle, Stephen (5 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001085743/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article50224.ece">"After 13 years of hold-ups and incompetence, the EU's 'Berlaymonster' rises like a phoenix"</a>. <a href="The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article50224.ece">the original</a> on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEppink2007" class="citation book cs1">Eppink, Derk-Jan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofeuropeanma00eppi/page/213">Life of a European Mandarin: Inside the Commission</a>. Translated by Ian Connerty (1st ed.). Tielt, Belgium: Lannoo. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofeuropeanma00eppi/page/213">213</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-209-7022-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu">European Commission</a> European Commission welcome page</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/institutions/eu-commission.html">Access to documents of the European Commission</a> on <a href="EUR-Lex" title="EUR-Lex">EUR-Lex</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/">Documents</a> of the European Commission are consultable at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx">Historical Archives of the EU</a> in Florence.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/european_commission-en-281a3c0c-839a-48fd-b69c-bc2588c780ec.html">European Commissions</a> on CVCE website – Multimedia website with historical information on the European integration Studies. No such material is found on the page. This page contains a legal Notice and warning about copyrighted material. Retrieved 18 April 2013.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304094407/http://www.bernardromain.com/statueofeurope.html">Statue of Europe</a>. Retrieved 10 October 2012.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/contact/press-services/press-contacts/press-contacts-spokespersons-service_en">Spokesperson's Service</a>. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Presidents_of_the_European_Commission1239" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Presidents_of_the_European_Commission1239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="European_Union" title="European Union"></a> <a href="President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">Presidents</a> of the </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="High_Authority_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community">High Authority of the Coal and Steel Community</a> (1952–1967)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> (<a href="Monnet_Authority" title="Monnet Authority">Monnet Authority, 1952–55</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">René Mayer</a> (<a href="Mayer_Authority" title="Mayer Authority">Mayer Authority, 1955–58</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Finet" title="Paul Finet">Paul Finet</a> (<a href="Finet_Authority" title="Finet Authority">Finet Authority, 1958–59</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Piero_Malvestiti" title="Piero Malvestiti">Piero Malvestiti</a> (<a href="Malvestiti_Authority" title="Malvestiti Authority">Malvestiti Authority, 1959–63</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Rinaldo_Del_Bo" title="Rinaldo Del Bo">Rinaldo Del Bo</a> (<a href="Del_Bo_Authority" title="Del Bo Authority">Del Bo Authority, 1963–67</a>)</li>

<li>Acting: <a href="Albert_Copp%C3%A9" title="Albert Coppé">Albert Coppé</a> (<a href="Copp%C3%A9_Authority" title="Coppé Authority">Coppé Authority, 1967</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">Commission of the Atomic Energy Community</a> (1958–1967)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Louis_Armand" title="Louis Armand">Louis Armand</a> (<a href="Armand_Commission" title="Armand Commission">Armand Commission, 1958–59</a>)</li>

<li><a href="%C3%89tienne_Hirsch" title="Étienne Hirsch">Étienne Hirsch</a> (<a href="Hirsch_Commission" title="Hirsch Commission">Hirsch Commission, 1959–62</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Chatenet" title="Pierre Chatenet">Pierre Chatenet</a> (<a href="Chatenet_Commission" title="Chatenet Commission">Chatenet Commission, 1962–67</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">Commission of the Economic Community</a> (1958–1967)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a> (<a href="Hallstein_Commission" title="Hallstein Commission">Hallstein Commission, 1958–67</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="European_Communities" title="European Communities">Commission of the Communities</a> (1967–2009)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jean_Rey_(politician)" title="Jean Rey (politician)">Jean Rey</a> (<a href="Rey_Commission" title="Rey Commission">Rey Commission, 1967–70</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Franco_Maria_Malfatti" title="Franco Maria Malfatti">Franco Maria Malfatti</a> (<a href="Malfatti_Commission" title="Malfatti Commission">Malfatti Commission, 1970–72</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Sicco_Mansholt" title="Sicco Mansholt">Sicco Mansholt</a> (<a href="Mansholt_Commission" title="Mansholt Commission">Mansholt Commission, 1972–73</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">François-Xavier Ortoli</a> (<a href="Ortoli_Commission" title="Ortoli Commission">Ortoli Commission, 1973–77</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a> (<a href="Jenkins_Commission_(EU)" title="Jenkins Commission (EU)">Jenkins Commission, 1977–81</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Gaston Thorn</a> (<a href="Thorn_Commission" title="Thorn Commission">Thorn Commission, 1981–85</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> (<a href="Delors_Commission" title="Delors Commission">Delors Commission, 1985–95</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a> (<a href="Santer_Commission" title="Santer Commission">Santer Commission, 1995–99</a>)</li>

<li>Acting: <a href="Manuel_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Manuel Marín">Manuel Marín</a> (<a href="Santer_Commission" title="Santer Commission">Santer Commission, 1999</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a> (<a href="Prodi_Commission" title="Prodi Commission">Prodi Commission, 1999–2004</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a> (<a href="Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission, 2004–09</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> (2009–present)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a> (<a href="Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission, 2009–14</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> (<a href="Juncker_Commission" title="Juncker Commission">Juncker Commission 2014–19</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> (<a href="Von_der_Leyen_Commission_I" title="Von der Leyen Commission I">Von der Leyen Commission, 2019–2024</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> (<a href="Von_der_Leyen_Commission_II" title="Von der Leyen Commission II">Von der Leyen Commission II, since 2024</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">Commission President</a></li>

<li><a href="President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Council Presidency</a></li>

<li><a href="President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President of the European Parliament</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Administration_of_the_European_Commission709" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Administration_of_the_European_Commission709" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="European_Union" title="European Union"></a> <a href="European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">Administration of the</a> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/dgs_en.htm">Table of European Commission Directorates-General and Services</a></li>

<li>DG = <a href="Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorate-General</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">Civil Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_(European_Commission)" title="Cabinet (European Commission)">Cabinets</a></li>

<li><a href="Comitology" title="Comitology">Comitology</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_Service_Tribunal_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service Tribunal (European Union)">Civil Service Tribunal</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission"></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy DGs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development" title="Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development">Agriculture and Rural Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Climate_Action" title="Directorate-General for Climate Action">Climate Action</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate_General_for_Communications_Networks%2C_Content_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology">Communications Networks, Content and Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Competition" title="Directorate-General for Competition">Competition</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">Defence Industry and Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairs" title="Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs">Economic and Financial Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Education_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Education and Culture">Education and Culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Employment%2C_Social_Affairs_and_Inclusion" title="Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion">Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Inclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_the_Internal_Market%2C_Industry%2C_Entrepreneurship_and_SMEs" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for the Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs">Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Environment">Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety">Health and Food Safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Migration_and_Home_Affairs" title="Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs">Migration and Home Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Financial_Stability%2C_Financial_Services_and_Capital_Markets_Union" title="Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union">Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Joint_Research_Centre" title="Joint Research Centre">Joint Research Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Justice_and_Consumers" title="Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers">Justice and Consumers</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Maritime_Affairs_and_Fisheries" title="Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries">Maritime Affairs and Fisheries</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Regional_and_Urban_Policy" title="Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy">Regional and Urban Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Research_and_Innovation_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission)">Research and Innovation</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Taxation_and_Customs_Union" title="Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union">Taxation and Customs Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Mobility_and_Transport" title="Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport">Mobility and Transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Energy" title="Directorate-General for Energy">Energy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External DGs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Service_for_Foreign_Policy_Instruments" title="Service for Foreign Policy Instruments">Service for Foreign Policy Instruments</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Neighbourhood_and_Enlargement_Negotiations" title="Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations">Neighborhood and Enlargement Negotiations</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Trade" title="Directorate-General for Trade">Trade</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_International_Cooperation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development">International Cooperation and Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_European_Civil_Protection_and_Humanitarian_Aid_Operations" title="Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations">European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="General_Services_in_the_European_Commission" title="General Services in the European Commission">General Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Communication" title="Directorate-General for Communication">Communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Publications_Office_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Publications Office (European Union)">Publications</a></li>

<li><a href="Secretariat-General_of_the_European_Commission" title="Secretariat-General of the European Commission">Secretariat-General</a>

<ul><li><a href="Secretary-General_of_the_European_Commission" title="Secretary-General of the European Commission">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Europe_by_Satellite" title="Europe by Satellite">Europe by Satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_Reform_Support_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Reform Support Service">Structural Reform Support Service</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Internal_Services_in_the_European_Commission" title="Internal Services in the European Commission">Internal Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Budget" title="Directorate-General for Budget">Budget</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Political_Strategy_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="European Political Strategy Centre">European Political Strategy Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Digital_Services" title="Directorate-General for Digital Services">Digital Services</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Commission_Data_Protection_Officer" title="European Commission Data Protection Officer">Data Protection Officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_Infrastructure_and_Logistics" title="Office of Infrastructure and Logistics">Infrastructures and Logistics (Brussels & Luxembourg)</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_Audit_Service_(European_Commission)" title="Internal Audit Service (European Commission)">Internal Audit Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Interpretation" title="Directorate-General for Interpretation">Interpretation</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Legal_Service" title="Directorate-General for Legal Service">Legal Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Human_Resources_and_Security" title="Directorate-General for Human Resources and Security">Human Resources and Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Translation" title="Directorate-General for Translation">Translation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont</a></li>

<li><a href="Breydel_building" title="Breydel building">Breydel</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlemagne_building" title="Charlemagne building">Charlemagne</a></li>

<li><a href="Convent_Van_Maerlant" title="Convent Van Maerlant">Convent Van Maerlant</a></li>

<li><a href="Euroforum_building" title="Euroforum building">Euroforum</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Monnet_2_building" title="Jean Monnet 2 building">Jean Monnet 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirchberg_District_Centre" title="Kirchberg District Centre">Joseph Bech</a></li>

<li><a href="Madou_Plaza_Tower" title="Madou Plaza Tower">Madou Plaza Tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplomatic_missions_of_the_European_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of the European Commission">Missions</a></li>

<li><a href="Triangle_building" title="Triangle building">Triangle building</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AEuropean_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Union_articles672" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European_Union_articles672" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></li>

<li><a href="Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founders</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union (1948–1954)</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (1954–2011)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (1967–2009)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (1958–1993)</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community (1993–2009)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">Financial stability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility (2010–2012)</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–2012)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="External_border_of_the_European_Union" title="External border of the European Union">External border</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">Environmental issues</a></li>

<li><a href="Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li>

<li><a href="Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a></li>

<li><a href="Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">Protected areas</a></li>

<li><a href="First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions (first-level NUTS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>

<ul><li><a href="President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a></li>

<li><a href="Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li>

<li><a href="Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees</a></li>

<li><a href="Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups</a></li>

<li><a href="European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a></li>

<li><a href="European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>

<ul><li><a href="President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a></li>

<li><a href="Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a></li>

<li><a href="Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">Commissioners</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>

<ul><li><a href="President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a></li>

<li><a href="European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">System of Central Banks</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Supreme audit institution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a>

<ul><li><a href="Secretary-General_of_the_European_Court_of_Auditors" title="Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other international-law EU bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li>

<li>EIB Group

<ul><li><a href="European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">European Investment Fund</a></li>

<li>EIB Institute</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li>

<li><a href="Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li>

<li><a href="Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Citizens'_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">Citizens' Rights</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li>

<li><a href="Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union">Official Journal</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Citizens'_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a>

<li><a href="Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li>

<li><a href="Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_preference_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community preference (EU)">Community preference</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>

<ul><li><a href="International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Commissioner_for_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a>

<ul><li><a href="TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">Health expense per person</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li>

<li><a href="Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li>

<li><a href="Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">Federalisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Budget_accountability_in_the_European_Union" title="Budget accountability in the European Union">Budget accountability</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_in_the_European_Union" title="Censorship in the European Union">Censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">Differentiated integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Privileged_partnership" title="Privileged partnership">Privileged partnership</a></li>

<li><a href="Potential_superpower#European_Union" title="Potential superpower">Potential superpower status</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Area_of_freedom%2C_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a>

<ul><li><a href="Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Judicial_Network" title="European Judicial Network">European Judicial Network</a> (criminal matters)</li>

<li>European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters</li>

<li><a href="Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a></li>

<li><a href="Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li>

<li><a href="European_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity card">identity card</a> (<a href="National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">list</a>)</li>

<li><a href="European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li>

<li><a href="Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li>

<li><a href="European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single market</a>

<ul><li><a href="Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthcare_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in the European Union">Healthcare</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">Labour mobility</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional development</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">Space policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport policies</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>

<ul><li><a href="EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Framework Agreement</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li>

<li><a href="Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="EU_Gateway_Programme" title="EU Gateway Programme">EU Gateway Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="EU_Strategy_for_the_South_Caucasus" title="EU Strategy for the South Caucasus">EU Strategy for the South Caucasus</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></li>

<li><a href="Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Current agenda</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a></li>

<li><a href="House_of_European_History" title="House of European History">House of European History</a></li>

<li><a href="2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_laissez-passer" title="European Union laissez-passer">Laissez-passer</a></li>

<li><a href="Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_holidays_in_the_European_Union" title="Public holidays in the European Union">Public holidays</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_numbers_in_Europe" title="Telephone numbers in Europe">Telephone numbers</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European Union">Symbols</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_books_on_the_European_Union" title="List of books on the European Union">Books on the subject</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_Union_directives" title="List of European Union directives">Directives</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">Largest cities by population within city limits</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_of_political_parties_in_Europe_by_pancontinental_organisation" title="Table of political parties in Europe by pancontinental organisation">National parties by affiliation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">Presidents of the institutions</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrorism_in_Europe" title="Terrorism in Europe">Terrorist incidents</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">Urban areas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="Outline_of_the_European_Union" title="Outline of the European Union">Outline</a></li></ul></div>

<ul><li>Category</li>

<li><a href="Portal%3AEuropean_Union" title="Portal:European Union">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1950 <a href="Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li>

<li>1951 <a href="Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></li>

<li>1952 <a href="Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></li>

<li>1953 <a href="Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></li>

<li>1954 <a href="Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></li>

<li>1956 <a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li>

<li>1957 <a href="Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></li>

<li>1958 <a href="Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></li>

<li>1959 <a href="George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></li>

<li>1960 <a href="Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></li>

<li>1961 <a href="Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></li>

<li>1963 <a href="Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></li>

<li>1964 <a href="Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></li>

<li>1967 <a href="Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></li>

<li>1970 <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="François Seydoux de Clausonne">François Seydoux de Clausonne</a></li>

<li>1972 <a href="Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li>

<li>1973 <a href="Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1976 <a href="Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></li>

<li>1977 <a href="Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li>

<li>1978 <a href="Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></li>

<li>1979 <a href="Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></li>

<li>1981 <a href="Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li>

<li>1982 <a href="Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a></li>

<li>1986 <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></li>

<li>1987 <a href="Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li>

<li>1988 <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> / <a href="Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li>

<li>1989 <a href="Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></li>

<li>1990 <a href="Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></li>

<li>1991 <a href="V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li>

<li>1992 <a href="Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></li>

<li>1993 <a href="Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></li>

<li>1994 <a href="Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></li>

<li>1995 <a href="Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></li>

<li>1996 <a href="Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></li>

<li>1997 <a href="Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li>

<li>1998 <a href="Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></li>

<li>1999 <a href="Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li>

<li>2000 <a href="Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>2001 <a href="Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></li>

<li>2003 <a href="Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d'Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></li>

<li>2005 <a href="Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></li>

<li>2006 <a href="Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></li>

<li>2007 <a href="Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></li>

<li>2008 <a href="Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li>

<li>2009 <a href="Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></li>

<li>2010 <a href="Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></li>

<li>2011 <a href="Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></li>

<li>2012 <a href="Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li>

<li>2013 <a href="Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a></li>

<li>2014 <a href="Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></li>

<li>2015 <a href="Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></li>

<li>2016 <a href="Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li>

<li>2017 <a href="Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li>

<li>2018 <a href="Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></li>

<li>2019 <a href="Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li>

<li>2020 <a href="Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></li>

<li>2022 <a href="Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a>, <a href="Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a>, <a href="Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a></li>

<li>2023 <a href="Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">the Ukrainian people</a></li>

<li>2024 <a href="Pinchas_Goldschmidt" title="Pinchas Goldschmidt">Pinchas Goldschmidt</a> and the Jewish communities in Europe</li>

<li>2025 <a href="Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Received extraordinary prize.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8880#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3615" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8880#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3615" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012162673X">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121546596">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/213728962">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1024466-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95038119">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12421727r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12421727r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV011357">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35386575">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010711083&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20020612010&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX113349">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/173758">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90820051">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000025723&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000142489&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=5137">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB201806671">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646939705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/81295">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007368347905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000013026">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524460406706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1080953X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500221317">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/934365">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027801411">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/8fe4547f-9fd4-4e27-bf10-b3305d4a7f79">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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